GolangWeb框架Iris项目实战-JWT和中间件(Middleware)的使用EP07

前文再续，上一回我们完成了用户的登录逻辑，将之前用户管理模块中添加的用户账号进行账号和密码的校验，过程中使用图形验证码强制进行人机交互，防止账号的密码被暴力破解。本回我们需要为登录成功的用户生成Token，并且通过Iris的中间件(Middleware)进行鉴权操作。

首先提取页面模板的公共部分，比如头部导航，在views目录建立:

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随后，在需要头部导航的模板进行引入操作，比如修改:

${rer""}

注意，使用${}是为了避免和前端的标签冲突。

同样地，将封装逻辑单独抽取出来:

scriptconstmyaxios=function(url,type,data={}){returnnewPromise((resolve)={if(type==="get"||type==="delete"){axios({method:type,url:url,params:data}).then((result)={resolve();});}else{constparams=newURLSearchParams();for(varkeyindata){(key,data[key]);}axios({method:type,url:url,data:params}).then((result)={resolve();});}});}/script

然后在需要的地方进行引入操作：

${rer""}

如此，我们只需要维护模板的公共部分即可。

修改后，项目的结构如下：

.├──├──assets│├──css││└──│└──js│├──│└──├──database│└──├──├──├──├──handler│├──│└──├──├──model│└──├──mytool│└──├──tmp│└──runner-build└──views├──admin│└──├──admin_├──├──├──├──└──

JSONWebToken(JWT)是一个互联网应用的开放标准(RFC7519)，它定义了一种紧凑的、自包含的方式，用于作为JSON对象在各方之间安全地传输信息，这种信息可以被验证和信任，因为它是数字签名的。

说白了，登录成功以后，生成一个JSON对象，返回给前端，就像下面这样：

{"uid":1}

这之后，用户与服务端通信的时候，所有请求都要带着这个JSON对象。服务器完全只靠这个对象认定用户身份。为了防止JSON对象被篡改，服务器在生成这个对象的时候，会加上签名，变成这种模样：

_mo

这玩意就是普遍意义上的Token，俗称“令牌”。

在我们的项目中，需要为登录校验通过的账号生成Token，首先安装jwt包：

/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt

随后修改本地的工具包:

packagemytoolimport("crypto/md5""fmt""io""time""/dchest/captcha""/kataras/iris/v12""/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt")varSigKey=[]byte("signature_hmac_secret_shared_key")typePlayLoadstruct{Uiduint}funcGenerateToken(uiduint)string{signer:=(,SigKey,50*)claims:=PlayLoad{Uid:uid}token,err:=(claims)iferr!=nil{(err)}s:=string(token)returns}

众所周知，Token由三部分组成：头部、载荷以及秘钥。这里SigKey字符为签名秘钥，PlayLoad结构体为载荷信息，这里通过签名生成一个字符格式的token，注意返回前端时，需要强转为字符串。

需要注意的是，生成签名时使用的是HS256算法，同时为了确保安全性，token设置生命周期，这里为50分钟。

随后修改用户登录逻辑，将生成好的token返回给前端：

//登录动作funcSignin(){ret:=make(map[string]interface{},0)cid:=("cid")code:=("code")(cid,code)==false{ret["errcode"]=2ret["msg"]="登录失败,验证码错误"(ret)return}db:=()deferfunc(){_=()}()Username:=("username")Password:=("password")user:={}({Username:Username,Password:_password((Password))}).First(user)==0{ret["errcode"]=1ret["msg"]="登录失败,账号或者密码错误"(ret)return}token:=()(token)ret["errcode"]=0ret["msg"]="登录成功"ret["username"]=["token"]=(ret)}

前端接收的返回值为：

{"errcode":0,"msg":"登录成功","token":"_qSsnFZD2DFyCP9gNZ-QiHA","username":"123"}

随后前端收到token后，将其存储localstorage，然后跳转到后台页面：

//登录请求signin:function(){("http://localhost:5000/signin/","post",{"username":,"password":,"cid":,"code":}).then(data={(data)alert();("token",);="/admin/user/"});}

localStorage存储是永久的，如果对安全性要求较高，可以采用sessionStorage，token生命周期就会跟随浏览器进程，但之前设置的token生命周期就没意义了，各有利弊，各自权衡。

所谓中间件，是一类提供系统软件和应用软件之间连接、便于软件各部件之间的沟通的软件，应用软件可以借助中间件在不同的技术架构之间共享信息与资源。

说白了，就是在所有需要鉴权的接口前面加一层逻辑，便于批量管理和控制：

verifier:=(,)verifyMiddleware:=(func()interface{}{returnnew()})

这里声明中间件变量verifyMiddleware，该变量会返回一个载荷结构体对象。

随后，为所有的后台接口、包括后台模板添加中间件：

adminhandler:=("/admin")(verifyMiddleware)("/userlist/",_userlist)("/user_action/",_userdel)("/user_action/",_userupdate)("/user_action/",_useradd)("/user/",_user_page)

如此，所有后台操作都需要中间件的鉴权操作。

换句话说，如果请求地址中没有token或者token不合法，就不会返回正常数据。

访问：http://localhost:5000/admin/user如图所示：

如果带着token:

当然了，之后所有的后台请求都需要携带token，所以改造上面封装的:

scriptvarmytoken=("token");constmyaxios=function(url,type,data={}){returnnewPromise((resolve)={if(type==="get"||type==="delete"){axios({method:type,url:url+"?token="+mytoken,params:data}).then((result)={resolve();});}else{constparams=newURLSearchParams();for(varkeyindata){(key,data[key]);}axios({method:type,url:url+"?token="+mytoken,data:params}).then((result)={resolve();});}});}/script

藉此，每个后端请求都会携带token。

JWT形式的认证体系将用户状态分散到了客户端中，相比于服务端的session存储，可以明显减轻服务端的内存压力，此外，使用Iris中间件鉴权的方式有助于提高代码的重用性，也更便于维护，更加优雅。该项目已开源在Github：，与君共觞，和君共勉。